Talcum Powder and Asbestos

What Is Talcum Powder?

Talcum powder is made of talc, a soft mineral composed of hydrated magnesium silicate. Talc can be green, white or gray and has a texture like soap. 

Manufacturers grind talc down until it’s a fine powder that absorbs moisture and reduces friction. Talcum powder became popular as an ingredient in baby powder, cosmetics and deodorant. It is used for its ability to prevent chafing and skin rashes, as well as disguise odor. 

For more than 100 years, Johnson & Johnson has been the most famous name in talcum powder products, mainly through its line of baby powders. Men and women of all ages use baby powder and other talc-containing products routinely.

Court documents show Johnson & Johnson officials knew asbestos had contaminated the talc used in its popular Johnson’s Baby Powder product since the 1950s. While the company discontinued global sales of talc in its products in 2023, J&J currently faces more than 50,000 asbestos lawsuits. 

Is Talcum Powder Dangerous?

Talc dust can irritate the respiratory system, causing coughs, chest pain and shortness of breath. Researchers at Mount Sinai Hospital say breathing in talcum powder can lead to lung problems or death. This applies to pure talcum powder and asbestos-contaminated talcum powder.

The World Health Organization classifies talc as potentially dangerous. They say genital (perineal) use of talc is possibly carcinogenic to humans. The organization also classifies asbestos-contaminated talc as definitely carcinogenic to humans. Some consumer and industrial products have contained dangerous levels of asbestos-contaminated talc.

Potential Health Risks of Talcum Powder

Both the National Institutes of Health and the World Health Organization’s International Agency for Research on Cancer released reports in 2024 regarding the potential health risks of talc used in talcum powder. The NIH report, released in May 2024, found an increased risk of ovarian cancer among heavy talcum powder users and the IARC declared in July 2024 that talc is “probably carcinogenic.”

The NIH’s study looked at more than 50,000 women who frequently used talcum powder. The IARC classified talc in Group 2A, its “second highest level of certainty that a substance can cause cancer” based on “limited evidence” for ovarian cancer in humans. However, the IARC did note that there is “strong mechanistic evidence that talc exhibits key characteristics of carcinogens in human primary cells and experimental systems.”

Potential talcum powder health risks include:

• Lung Cancer: Studies have shown excess cases of lung cancer in talc miners throughout the world, and these studies found asbestos in talc samples.
• Mesothelioma: Asbestos is the primary cause of mesothelioma. Asbestos-contaminated talc has been linked to mesothelioma cases.
• Ovarian Cancer: Studies have found an association between talc and ovarian cancer. The evidence is strong against asbestos-contaminated talcum powder.
• Talcosis or Talc Pneumoconiosis: This pulmonary disorder is linked in studies to mining and milling asbestos-contaminated talc. A handful of talcosis cases linked to cosmetic talc products have also been described in medical literature.

Both uncontaminated talcum powder and asbestos-contaminated talc are associated with serious medical conditions among users of talcum powder and workers exposed to talc during its production or industrial use. Parents shouldn’t use talcum powder on babies because of the risk of potentially fatal aspiration. After using baby powder and developing cancer, thousands of women filed lawsuits against J&J and others. These claims allege that repeated use of talc led to ovarian cancer.

Talcum Powder and Mesothelioma

Talc contaminated with asbestos can cause mesothelioma and other asbestos-related cancers. A decades-long latency period of 20 to 60 years is associated with malignant mesothelioma.

The risk of developing an asbestos-related illness through contaminated talc exposure varies. It depends on the duration and amount of exposure. The risk is dose-dependent, which means that it increases with duration and higher levels of asbestos exposure. Long-term exposure to low-level asbestos concentrations can cause cancer. So can short-term exposure to high-level concentrations.

Talc and asbestos can naturally form so closely together that mining practices cannot keep them separated. This fact has been documented in geology books as early as 1872.

Not every talc deposit contains asbestos, but asbestos contaminates the majority of them. Talc deposits tend to contain the most toxic forms of asbestos, such as tremolite or anthophyllite. These forms are more carcinogenic than chrysotile, the most-used type of asbestos. 

Asbestos-Contaminated Talc Research 

Higher levels of contamination carry a higher risk of mesothelioma. Different grades of talc contain varying levels of asbestos contamination. Industrial talc has the highest asbestos levels reaching 50% to 70%. Testing of cosmetic talc since the late 1960s has revealed contamination levels ranging from zero to 30% asbestos.

Asbestos exposure is a concern with talcum powder use because talc and asbestos are minerals that develop under similar conditions. Talc is mined from the earth, and most talc deposits naturally contain asbestos. 

Finding asbestos-free talc deposits throughout the world has been challenging for manufacturers. A Johnson & Johnson company memo from 1969 unsealed through litigation said it was normal for tremolite asbestos to occur in U.S. talc deposits. By this time, the company had spent more than a decade purchasing talc mines throughout the world in search of a pure source.

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Who Is at Risk of Asbestos-Contaminated Talc Exposure?

Children, adult consumers and workers in specific industries are at risk of exposure to asbestos-contaminated talcum powder. Tests as recent as 2018 and as far back as 2000 have revealed asbestos-contaminated talcum powder in children’s toys and makeup.

Those at risk of asbestos-contaminated talc exposure include:

Barbers and Hairdressers:

Hairdressers, barbers and their family members are at risk of exposure to cosmetic-grade talcum powder used to prevent chafing and irritation after haircuts.

Ceramics Workers:

Talc is a filler in ceramics and can improve thermal shock resistance to provide strength after the firing process.

Children:

Contaminated toys have included crayons, modeling clay and amateur crime lab kits. Contaminated children’s makeup was sold at Justice and Claire’s stores.

Consumers:

Contaminated talcum powder risk for adults primarily comes from cosmetics and personal care products, including makeup, body powders and shaving products.

Paint Makers and Industrial Paint Sprayers:

In paint, talc offers a layer of weather and corrosion resistance.

Talc Miners and Millers:

Those who work with talc in mines and mills likely face the highest exposure to the raw form of the mineral and higher amounts of nearby asbestos.

Anyone who has used talc consistently for many years, or has a known history of asbestos exposure, should talk with their doctor at the first sign of any respiratory symptoms. Additionally, you may want to seek the opinion of a mesothelioma specialist or a pulmonologist with experience in asbestos-related diseases.

Asbestos-Contaminated Talc in Johnson’s Baby Powder

In May 2020, Johnson & Johnson announced it would stop selling its talc-based baby powder in the U.S. and Canada in favor of a cornstarch-based version. The company claimed the decision to change was the result of a decline in sales and “misinformation” around the product’s safety. 

In 2022, the company announced it would also  halt all sales of the talc-based version worldwide. This was a reversal of J&J’s previously announced plan to continue international sales of talc-based baby powder because demand remained high. 

The decision to end sales of its talc-based baby powder followed reports from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration in 2019 about asbestos contamination in a bottle of Johnson’s Baby Powder. This report forced the company to issue a recall of the batch associated with the bottle.

Proposed Settlement in Lawsuit Against Johnson & Johnson

In June 2024, Johnson & Johnson offered to pay $700 million to settle an investigation 42 U.S. states and Washington, D.C. initiated against the drugmaker. State officials accused J&J of misleading marketing practices against the public claiming its talc-based products, including its popular Johnson’s Baby Powder, were safe. 

If approved, the agreement would resolve accusations that J&J misled consumers. Johnson & Johnson admits no wrongdoing and denies violating the law. J&J faces more than 60,000 lawsuits with claims that its talc-based products were contaminated with asbestos, leading to cases of mesothelioma and ovarian cancer.

Additional Talc Products Containing Asbestos

Talc products containing asbestos have included personal hygiene products, cosmetics, children’s toys and industrial talc products. Talc is a common ingredient in many home and industrial goods. The most widely used consumer talc product is talcum powder. 

In 2019, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration found asbestos in nine of 52 personal hygiene and makeup products. Between 1948 and 2017, 66% of 1,032 cosmetic talc products tested through litigation were positive for asbestos.

Contamination levels of asbestos in talc products have ranged from trace amounts in cosmetics to significant levels reaching 50% and higher in industrial products such as Nytal.

Not every talc product contains asbestos, but it’s impossible to detect on your own. Only testing can reveal if a product is contaminated. The FDA’s follow-up testing of cosmetic talc products in 2021 and 2022 revealed no asbestos in 100 samples.

Talc in Makeup

In addition to talcum powder, cosmetic-grade talc is in many cosmetic products, including foundation, creams and moisturizers, eye shadow, blush and mascara. Cosmetic-grade talc is approximately 98% pure talc.

In November 2020, the Environmental Working Group found asbestos-contaminated talc in three out of 21 cosmetics samples tested. The FDA found asbestos in nine out of 52 cosmetics samples in 2019. 

Several cases of talc contamination involved children’s makeup sold by national retailers Justice and Claire’s in 2017 and 2018. Other children’s toys containing asbestos-contaminated talc have included crayons, modeling clay and crime-scene kits. 

Industrial Talc Products

Industrial talc is used in producing many modern products, such as paint and glazes, to improve texture and enhance matting and paint adhesion. In addition, the paper industry uses talc to enhance printability and reduce surface friction. Wastewater treatment plants also use talc to purify water.

Industrial-grade talc contains other minerals in varying quantities, depending on where it’s sourced. For example, the industrial talc product used in ceramics known as Nytal 100 contained 30% talc, 40% tremolite, 20% serpentine chrysotile and 10% anthophyllite asbestos.

Talc Lawsuits for Asbestos Exposure

Plaintiffs diagnosed with asbestos-related illnesses and surviving family members of those exposed to contaminated-talc products are filing talc lawsuits. Courts have awarded millions of dollars in recent talc lawsuits. 

Records revealed in lawsuits show that some of these manufacturers and talc suppliers, such as Vanderbilt Minerals, Imerys Talc America and Whittaker, Clark & Daniels, were aware of asbestos contamination and tried to cover it up. In one example, Imerys blended its talc with other sources of talc to dilute the asbestos concentration.

Many companies sourced their talc from asbestos-contaminated mines, including sites in New York, North Carolina, Alabama, Vermont and northern Italy. Some of the products sold in the U.S. that tested positive for asbestos, including children’s makeup sold by Claire’s stores, were made in China, which has no regulations for asbestos or talc. 

Compensation is available to people who develop mesothelioma from exposure to asbestos-contaminated talcum powder through a personal injury lawsuit. If you’ve lost a loved one to an asbestos-related disease, you may be eligible to file a wrongful death claim. Settlements resolve some of these lawsuits, and others resolve through a jury trial.

J&J Talc Litigation

Asbestos lawsuits against Johnson & Johnson have cost the company billions in settlements and jury verdicts. In April 2022, U.S. federal Judge Michael Kaplan ruled that, although J&J’s bankruptcy plan was the most notable of its kind, it did not halt a class-action lawsuit workers filed over industrial talc in the 1980s.

Judge Kaplan rejected J&J’s second bankruptcy plan in July 2023. A federal appeals court rejected the first plan in January 2023. The January ruling allowed J&J talc lawsuits to return to civil courts. 

In October 2021, J&J created a subsidiary to absorb its talc liabilities. The subsidiary declared Chapter 11 bankruptcy and will establish a plan to settle ongoing and potential future talc lawsuits. Asbestos manufacturers similarly use bankruptcy proceedings to create asbestos trust funds.

J&J settled roughly 1,000 talc lawsuits in October 2020 for more than $100 million. For example, the Missouri Court of Appeals ordered the company in June 2020 to pay $2.1 billion to 22 women who claimed Johnson’s Baby Powder caused them to develop ovarian cancer. The company also paid out millions in individual lawsuits, including $325 million in 2019 to Donna Olsen, who claimed she developed mesothelioma after using Johnson’s Baby Powder.

UK Residents File Talc Lawsuits

Residents of the United Kingdom began filing talc lawsuits in U.S. courts in 2019. Rulings from these cases determined that U.S. courts are the best venue for U.K. residents’ talc lawsuits. U.K. women have received multimillion-pound awards since these rulings. 

In 2019, Hanna Louise Fletcher filed the first U.K. talc lawsuit in New York City courts. It claimed she developed mesothelioma at the age of 45. The lawsuit said she used her mother’s talc products as a child. It also claimed she purchased contaminated talc products in the U.S. while on vacation. 

The judge ruled that the case should remain in New York because it’s the defendants’ principal place of business. The fact that the plaintiff purchased products in New York also played a role in the judge’s ruling. 

Common Questions About Talcum Powder and Asbestos

Is talcum powder safe to use?

Many companies, including Johnson & Johnson, claim that talc is safe for cosmetic and personal hygiene products worldwide. However, recent research and multiple cancer organizations warn that contaminated talcum powder can increase the risk of mesothelioma, ovarian cancer and other malignancies. Researchers at Mount Sinai Hospital caution that breathing in uncontaminated talcum powder can lead to lung problems or death.

How can I protect myself from asbestos exposure in talc products?

The best way to protect yourself from asbestos in talc is to not use talc-containing products. If you must use talc but are worried about asbestos, following the Occupational Safety & Health Administration guidelines for asbestos workers will reduce exposure. For example, protections include using a respirator mask with a HEPA-filter and wearing disposable clothing, shoe covers and goggles.

What are some safe alternatives to talcum powder?

The most common alternative to talcum powder is cornstarch. Widely available in grocery stores, drugstores and online, cornstarch can provide many of the same benefits as talcum powder without the risk of cancer.
Other alternatives to talcum powder include baking soda, tapioca starch, rice starch and oat flour.

How does asbestos get into talcum powder?

Talc and asbestos are minerals that naturally form close to one another. Some talc deposits are contaminated with asbestos, and they are difficult to separate, which is how asbestos ends up in the final product.

How does talcum powder cause cancer?

Asbestos in contaminated talcum powder can be inhaled while applying the product. If used on the genitals, asbestos can travel inside the body. Once inside the body, asbestos fibers migrate to sensitive tissues in the pelvis, chest and abdomen, slowly causing diseases such as mesothelioma and ovarian cancer.

Can you get compensation for talc-related mesothelioma?

Asbestos contamination causes talc-related mesothelioma, and affected patients have the right to file an asbestos claim. A mesothelioma lawyer helps patients claim compensation for medical costs and related expenses.

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